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echo: science
to: Michiel van der Vlist
from: DAVID WILLIAMS
date: 2006-03-23 21:01:26
subject: Is Pluto a planet?

-> The length of the year (as measured against the atomic clock that we use now 
-> is not affected. So if one measures age in years, there is no 
-> effect. 
  
Actually, there *is* an effect. The sun raises tides on both the Earth 
and the Moon, and the friction produced as they rotate transfers 
angular momentum and energy from the rotations to the orbital motion of 
the Earth-Moon system around the Sun. As a result, the Earth and Moon 
are slowly moving outward from the Sun, and the length of a year is 
increasing. 
  
It's a tiny effect, though, since the energy and angular momentum that 
are involved in Earth's orbital motion are huge compared with the 
amounts in its rotation. Let's see... The angular momentum in Earth's 
rotation is, in units in which its mass is unity and the unit of time 
is a day, mr^2w, or r^2, or about 2e7, with kilometres as the unit of 
distance. The amount in the orbital motion is (1.5e8)^2/365, which I 
think comes to about 5e13, in the same units. So there's about 2 
million times as much angular momentum in the orbital motion than in the 
rotation. Transferring the whole amount in the rotation to the orbital 
motion would make hardly any difference. The length of the year would 
be increased by only a few seconds. 
  
                           dow 
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