On 2019-01-06, Dennis Lee Bieber  wrote:

>  Note that SD cards are natively formatted in FAT -- a NON-JOURNALING
> file system. Linux EXT# (and NTFS) are journaling systems. Journaling
> systems are supposed to reduce the effects of corruption as they keep a
> journal of changes being made, and at later/idle periods finalize the
> changes.

I have a Kingston stick formatted as NTFS.  I use it for sneakernet
between Windows systems, writing a couple of gigs each time.  It's
quite slow compared to FAT32-formatted sticks, but preserves time
stamps to the second, which is important enough to me that I put up
with it.  I've been using the stick for several years with no problems.
I typically format it before copying a new batch of data to it.

> Power-failure in mid-update means either the update is completely lost
> (no change to original file), the journal is lost (so all updated data
> is lost, but no changes to original file), the journal and update were not
> lost, and can be used to finalize the actual file... But journals are "bad"
> for flash memory due to the amount of activity performed.

Not only am I careful to properly unmount the stick before removing it,
I wait until its light stops flashing.  This can be as much as 30 seconds
after the system says it's safe to remove the stick - but Windows is
famous for lying.

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