Ocean Worlds
 
Earth. A world dominated by water. Trillions of gallons flow freely across
the surface of our blue-green planet. While we once thought oceans made our
planet unique, we're now coming to realize that `ocean worlds' are all
around us.
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw_bX0ZQOy0
 
Our planet retains its atmosphere and in turn its abundance of liquid water
thanks, in part, to a very strong magnetic field, which provides protection
from the solar wind. Without this magnetic field our atmosphere would be
stripped away leaving the pale blue dot looking more like. one of our
neighbors? Scientists believe Venus' early oceans evaporated. With no water
left on the surface, carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere, leading to
a runaway greenhouse effect that created present conditions. Likewise, Mars
appears to have had oceans long ago. But the Red Planet's global magnetic
field decayed, leaving it vulnerable to atmospheric erosion by the solar
wind.
 
Farther from the sun in the sub-freezing temperatures of the outer solar
system, it may seem impossible for liquid water to exist. However, not only
does it exist, but it some places it may be more abundant than on Earth!
Jupiter is orbited by at least three moons that contain oceans; Europa,
Ganymede, and Callisto.
 
Europa is crisscrossed by cracks and semi-rectangular features that look
like ice rafts frozen into the surface. Below those immobile icebergs,
researchers believe there is a vast ocean just below the icy crust warmed
by the tidal forces of Jupiter, containing about twice as much water as is
found on Earth. In 2014 and 2016, the Hubble Space Telescope has observed
what appear to be water vapor plumes coming out of cracks near the south
pole.
 
Photos of Ganymede from the Galileo space probe show ancient ice flows
frozen into its surface.  Moreover, Hubble has looked at Ganymede's auroras
and seen signs suggesting an ocean's worth of salt water. Hiding beneath a
thick crust of ice, the ocean on Ganymede could actually harbor as much as
four times more water than all of Earth's oceans combined. Callisto also
seems to contain a salt water ocean beneath the icy crust, betraying its
presence by the effects of Callisto on Jupiter's overlying magnetic field.
 
In 2005, NASA's Cassini spacecraft found Saturn's moon, Enceladus, busily
puffing plumes of water vapor and organic compounds out through fissures
(now known as "tiger stripes") in its frozen carapace. Cassini
flew through the plumes frequently since then, and has discovered
nanosilica grains and the presence of molecular hydrogen, both suggesting
the movement of heated water on the seafloor of the icy moon. Other
evidence provided by Cassini has convinced researchers that Enceladus has a
global subsurface ocean spewing into space through these tiger stripes.
Saturn's E Ring, the planet's second outermost ring, was actually formed
from this water and ice!
 
Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has a landscape dotted with lakes and seas.
The liquid on Titan's surface is not, however, H2O. Researchers believe the
fluid sculpting Titan's surface is a mixture mostly of methane with smaller
amounts of ethane, and other hard-to-freeze hydrocarbons.
 
Other bodies around the solar system also show signs of liquid water.
 
In 2014, scientists using the European Space Agency led Herschel space
observatory detected water vapor coming from two regions of the dwarf
planet Ceres. NASA's Dawn probe reached Ceres in 2015 and while the water
vapor had subsided, there were other signs of water. Ahuna Mons is an ice
mountain apparently formed from repeated eruptions of salty muddy water.
Also, widely-reported bright spots in Ceres' crater Occator are thought to
be deposits of salt left behind by the escape and sublimation of briny
water from below.
 
Even distant Pluto may be an ocean world. As revealed by the recent flyby
of New Horizons, Pluto's strangely molded surface features suggest the
presence of a liquid underground.
 
As astronomers look beyond our solar system they are finding exoplanets of
sizes and distances from their stars that could have oceans. And based on
our solar system these exoplanets could potentially have moons with oceans
as well. The locations of water within the diverse environments of our own
planetary system will guide and inform the search for oceans beyond our
solar system.
 
Next time you look out over the ocean, think about our neighboring worlds.
They may have more in common with our own ocean world than we once believed
was possible.
 
For more news about oceans-at home and abroad-stay tuned to science.nasa.gov
 
 
Regards,
 
Roger

--- DB 3.99 + W10 (1607)