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NASA Science News for January 21, 2003

The Hour of the Planets
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Dashing out the door to work or school? Pause for a moment and look
up. There are two dazzling planets in the morning sky. 

January 21, 2003:  John Steinbeck called it "the hour of the pearl."

It's "the gray time," he wrote in Cannery Row, "after the light has
come and before the sun has risen--the interval between day and night
when time stops and examines itself. No automobiles are running then.
The streets are silent of progress and business. And the rush and drag 
of the waves can be heard as they splash in among the piles of the 
canneries." 

That was 50 years ago. Nowadays the hour of the pearl is announced by
ringing alarm clocks. It's when you drag yourself out of bed, rush to
get dressed, grab a hasty breakfast. And what's that distant roar?
The sound of the freeways. 

So let's call it something different: "The hour of the planets."

There are two bright ones in the dawn sky this month: Venus and
Jupiter. Even after all the other stars and planets have begun to fade 
against the brightening sky, these two are absolutely eye-catching. 
And it only takes a moment to enjoy them as you dash out the door to 
work or school.

First, glance toward the southeast in the direction (more or less) of
the rising sun, and you'll spot Venus (magnitude -4.4) shining 140
times brighter than a first magnitude star. Venus is often mistaken
for a UFO or a landing airplane, but it you pause for a long look,
you'll see that it doesn't move like either of those. It's as still as 
the morning streets of Cannery Row. (Actually, Venus does move; it
rises slowly like the Sun. Keep an eye on it from dawn onward. If you
know where to look, you can see Venus in broad daylight.) 

Next, spin around and look west. There's Jupiter (magnitude -2.4),
about the same distance above the horizon as Venus is. Although
Jupiter is much bigger than Venus, it is 6 times farther away from
Earth and correspondingly dimmer. Even so, Jupiter is 25 times
brighter than a first magnitude star--very impressive. 

If you do have time to spare, and a small telescope, take a closer
look at Jupiter and Venus. 

Jupiter is very rewarding. You'll be able to see its rust-colored
cloud belts with ease. First-time observers often note that the planet 
looks squashed--wider along the equator than between the poles. Is 
there something wrong with the telescope? No. Jupiter really is 
flattened. Although Jupiter is 70 times bigger around the middle than 
Earth, it spins more than twice as fast; a day on Jupiter lasts only 9 
hours and 55 minutes. This rapid spin is what gives Jupiter its 
equatorial bulge. Small telescopes will also reveal up to four "stars" 
around Jupiter. Galileo using only a primitive spyglass saw them first 
in 1610. They are Jupiter's moons: Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede. 
Finally, the Great Red Spot (GRS)--a cyclone twice as wide as 
Earth--is also frequently visible. Experienced observers note that 
larger (10-inch) telescopes and clear steady skies are essential for 
good views of the GRS. 

Although Venus is brighter than Jupiter, it seems less impressive
through a telescope. Why? Because Venus is enveloped by thick and
utterly featureless clouds. For many years, scientists suspected that
Venus's clouds hid a tropical paradise, but now we know, thanks to
radar studies and Russian spacecraft that have landed there, that
Venus is a hellish wasteland. The surface of Venus is dryer than any
desert on Earth and hot enough to melt lead. And those clouds? They
are laced with sulfuric acid. 

None of that is apparent in the eyepiece of your telescope, though.
Venus looks rather pacific and bland. You might note that Venus isn't
a complete circle. Like the Moon, Venus has phases, and at the moment
it is waxing gibbous, a little more than a half full. More than
anything, though, Venus looks like a distant pearl: white, serene, a
relaxing sight. 

Maybe Steinbeck was right. It is the hour of the pearl, after all.

Editor's note: In recent weeks, Jupiter has become a prominent evening 
planet, too. Look for it in the east after 8:00 p.m. local time. Also, 
mark Tuesday, January 28th, on your calendar. That's when the slender 
crescent Moon (with Earthshine) will glide by Venus in the morning 
sky--a lovely pairing.

Credits & Contacts
Author: Dr. Tony Phillips 
Responsible NASA official: Ron Koczor
Production Editor: Dr. Tony Phillips 
Curator: Bryan Walls 
Media Relations: Steve Roy

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