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Date: Sun, 25 Mar 2001 21:40:05 -0600
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Subject: The Regions of Italy
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This posting was on the Comunes of Italy:


The Regions of Italy

Previously Posted By Steve Saviello.


There are 20 regions in Italy. Each Region has a statute
governing its
organs, their relations and means of functioning within the
Region itself,
while the general electoral system remains under State law.
The statutes of
the Regions with special autonomy are approved with
constitutional laws,
while those of the Regions with ordinary autonomy are
resolved by the
individual Consigli Regionali and approved with
parliamentary laws.

The matters entrusted to the care of the Regions are
constitutionally
defined. Those for the five special Regions being contained
in their
respective statutes and for the rest in Article 117 of the
Constitution.

While the areas of action for the Regions with special
autonomy vary from
case to case and are particularly wide, those for the
Regions with ordinary
statutes are the following:
 Administrative organization: ordering of the offices and
dependent
corporation; communal districts, local police.
 Public services: social assistance; health; craft and
profes sional
instruction; local museums and libraries; transport of
regional importance;
internal navigation.
 Economic development: tourism and the hotel industry; road
maintenance
and construction; public works of regional importance;
quarrries,
peat-bogs, agriculture; crafts; mineral waters and spas.
 Environment: urban planning; protection of fauna, hunting
and fishing,
forests and flora; defence of the soil; measures against
pollution.

The Regions's legislative competence are however restricted
by the need of
the State to maintain overall unity. Regions with special
autonomy are
empowered for primary, secondary and effective legislation,
while those
with ordinary autonomy only for secondary and effective
legislation. The
three types of legislative competence are distinguished by
their
limitations. Very generally it can be said that: primary
competence is only
subject to constitutional restrictions; secondary competence
also to the
fundamental principles contained in the State laws applying
to the
particular matter; and effective competence is limited by
the specific
State laws that the Region is required to apply, organize
and integrate at
a local level.

THE REGIONAL ORGANS

The regional entities have three necessary organs: Consiglio
Regionale,
Giunta Regionale and its Presidente.

The Consiglio is a collective organ, elected by proportional
representation
of the citizens every five years. Its function is to
legislate, control and
plan, as well as to elect the executive organs. In essence,
the Consiglio
decides on everything concerning the regional political
direction.

The Giunta Regionale is the collective organ, composed of
Assessori and
Presidente, to which is entrusted, on an agreed basis,
policy initiatives,
financial proposals, principal acts of planning and ordinary
administrative
activity.

Finally, the President directs the work of the Junta, puts
into effect its
political programme and represents the Region externally.

The Regions' administrative activities are implemented by
way of decisions
made in the Consiglio Regionale and Giunta Regionale or
through
presidential decrees. In some of the latter cases signature
is delegated to
the relevant Assessore (councillor). The Regions'
administrative acts
cannot be executed until they have been checked by the
Commissione Statale
di Controllo sulle Regioni (Article 124 of the
Constitution), presided over
by the Commissario del Governo. This commission has general
control of
legitimacy and exceptionally (in specified cases) of merit;
in the first
case it has the power to annul and in the second to refer
back to the
Regions for re-examination.


THE LOCAL ENTITIES

Alongside the Regions, the Constitution provides other
administrative
entities equipped with independent political direction.
These are
essentially the Comuni and Province but other local entities
may exist.
The administrative responsibilities of the local entities
may cover a wide area
and there is an increasing tendency to maintain at a local
level all
matters concerning the citizen that are not of national
importance. The
Regions are contributing, through delegation, to this growth
in local power.

The particular attributions of the Provinces are few and
objectively of no
great importance. Their compulsory obligations cover
essentially provincial
road maintenance and construction, provision of buildings
and non-teaching
staff for the institutes of higher education, hunting,
fishing in internal
waters, agricultural incentives, civil protection planning
and some forms
of social assistance etc. Their voluntary undertakings are
chosen by the
administrators and, despite the financial constraints, are
today among the
most significant of provincial interventions, involving
mainly the support
of cultural and sporting events.

Piazza San Pietro, Roma>By contrast communal powers are
expanding to cover
almost all matters of immediate civic importance between the
citizen and
the public administration. The Communes' obligatory duties
concern urban
planning, construction, municipal public works, preparation
of industrial
zones, provision of buildings and non-teaching staff for
nursery and
compulsory education, social assistance, health and public
hygiene,right
to education, communal road maintenance and construction,
urban transport,
control of public commerce, placards, street furniture,
refuse collection,
supply of water and gas, cemeteries, traffic control, urban
police,
communal housing, sewerage, public slaughter-houses, fairs
and markets etc.
To these are then added the optional undertakings that
permit, within the
limits of local finance, support for activities such as the
theatre,music
etc. In addition, there are the tasks delegated by the
Regions and the
decentralized State functions (eg. register of births,
marriages and
deaths, civil status and military conscription).

It is clear therefore that the greater part of public
functions relating to
the ordering of the territory, social services and economic
development is
concentrated on the Communes. Due to historical reasons,
Italy is divided
into more than 8,000 Communes. These vary greatly both in
character and
size, going from metropolitan centres (Milan, Rome, Turin,
Naples), to
cities (Florence, Bologna, Palermo, Bari, Genoa), to towns
(Siena, Pisa,
Trieste, Pavia, Catania, Ancona), to small centres (the
majority) with a
few hundred inhabitants. It is therefore obvious that the
system cannot
function uniformly and gives rise to some irregularities.
The Consigli,
Assembly organs of the Commune and of the Province, are
elective.

The respective executive organs of the Communes and
Provinces are the
Giunte Municipali and Sindaci, and the Giunte Provinciali
and Presidenti.
All thes



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