>> David, could you explain further what the 4:1 extract means?
              Thanks.     George.
 
The berries are pulverized and then extracted with a solvent such as alcohol. 
 That extraction is then concentrated by evaporation until the concentration 
of the active ingredient is four times that of the dried berries.  In the 
case of Seronea Repens, studies in Germany confirm that little or nothing is 
lost in the process.
 
Thus, my 800 mg of "4:1 extract" (5 gelcaps) is equivalent to taking 3200 mg 
(3.2 grams) of dried berry.
 
Responsible producers are more and more using controlled and standardized 
extractions for commercial preparations of almost all herbs.  Standard 
extractions are often offered in the liquid form, dispensed by eyedropper or 
teaspoon.  These are referred to as tinctures. 
--- InterEcho 1.18
---------------